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The architectural identities of a city and its surroundings are crucial for maintaining its quality and preserving its unique features. The cities of Afghanistan have undergone significant changes in their identities due to various internal and external factors. These factors have altered or destroyed the identity of the city, leading to the loss of architectural identity and increased confusion in numerous cities in Afghanistan. Throughout history, the city of Kabul, the largest city, has struggled to maintain an identifiable architectural style due to the rapid growth of informal settlements. Recently, large glass and synthetic material facades have become prominent features of Kabul’s urban landscape. These structures represent a new era of modernity, in contrast to the traditional mud-colored buildings that have long dominated the city’s architecture style. The purpose of this research is to explore the influence of building façades and finishing materials on Kabul's sustainable architectural identity, with the goal of studying the relationship between residential building design features and the city's cultural, social, and historical environment. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, which involves conducting a comprehensive literature analysis and a field study that involves collecting data through observations, interviews, and questionnaires to achieve its objectives. The findings indicate that the selection of building façades and finishing materials has a significant impact on the sustainable architectural identity of Kabul. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers, architects, urban planners, and other stakeholders involved in shaping a sustainable built environment for Kabul and other similar cities in Afghanistan.

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Alavi Sayed Farhad 
Department of Architecture and Environmental Planning, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Education Program for Architecture and Environmental Planning, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Tomoyuki Tanaka 
Department of Architecture and Environmental Planning, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Challenges related to sustainable development require companies to align their strategies to meet stakeholder interests systematically. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are guiding objectives for sustainable development on an international level up to 2030. This article links the goals of the SDGs to a recognized strategic management tool: the sustainability balanced scorecard (SBSC). So far, few approaches exist in this field. Consequently, this article presents a framework for developing and applying an SBSC that takes an integrative view of the SDGs. For this purpose, the analytic network process (ANP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution are applied (TOPSIS). The article concludes that the solution approach presented has considerable potential to support organizations in systematically integrating the SDGs into their strategy. Also, this article proposes interesting future research directions.

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Tobias Rösner 
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Logistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Christina Bredebach 
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Logistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Rapid urbanization and increasing population concentration in the cities can pose many challenges that need to be addressed intelligently. The smart city can be a proper answer to these issues. With the research and development made for the smart city, smart mobility is an important aspect that can solve everyday transportation challenges the citizens face. Smart mobility introduced the concept of connected vehicles that can sense their surroundings and make intelligent decisions based on the data collected. Such a concept must take decisions requiring a secure interface to reduce the latency in sharing information. This review and analysis of the future of 5G and IoT in smart mobility discusses the current trends in the transport system, autonomous vehicles, public transport, car sharing schemes (mobility as a service) mobility on demand. IoT connects all transport systems and communicates using 5G technology which facilitates fast communication and reduces latency, allowing millions of devices to be connected to the network. In addition, this paper discusses how 5G can cater to the needs of Internet of Things (IoT) technology for smart mobility, which looks into the aspects of smart mobility and 5G technology helping smart mobility. Lastly, this study showcases an overview of 5G that enables smart mobility.

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Simra Fathima Nazim 
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Amity University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Energy Systems (Chubu Electric Power) Funded Research Division, Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Environmental sustainability and climate changes mitigation are linked with energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment. Whereas, renewable energy exploitation at large scale generation needs high initial investment, which is not achievable in short to medium terms, especially in developing countries. Therefore, energy efficiency measures as a good alternative for environmental sustainability are the researchers' interest to evaluate its potential from individual energy consumers to utility-scale (generation, transmission, and distribution). Referring to literature and the connection between the second law of thermodynamics and environmental impact, environmental effects are reduced due to low energy when energy efficiency increases. Therefore, assuring demanding efficiency, interrelations studies, and impact analysis of influential factors are known exigence. This study draws a thematic perspective that involves an exhaustive investigation, explaining the relationship between exergy, environment, and energy within optimum efficiency requirements. Also, this study deals with indicators and indices in adapt to energy and environmental demand to reveal the underlying fundamental impressing forces regarding efficiency improvement.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 9030213, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 9030213, Japan

Mikaeel Ahmadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 9030213, Japan

Gul Ahmad Ludin 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 9030213, Japan

Mohammad Hamid Ahadi 
Department of Intellectual Cooperation, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa 900-0015, Japan

Hedayatullah Karimy 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Mahdi Khosravy 
Media Integrated Communication Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871 Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Currently, Afghanistan imports a high percentage of electric energy from the neighboring countries, while less attention has been paid on the utilization of internal domestic energy resources. Recently progress has been made with solar and wind energy, but other sources such as hydro energy remain underappreciated. Originally intended as a short-term solution to fulfill demand, the policy for importing power from neighboring countries is still in effect as energy demand has increased dramatically and exposed vulnerabilities in the existing power system. These issues can be categorized based on different aspects like technical, economic, political, security-related issues, natural disasters and many others that negatively affect the reliability of the energy sector. In this paper, the sustainability of the power system of Afghanistan is analyzed from different aspects. These multi-disciplinary problems are analyzed separately and linked with the weaknesses of the existing power system. The main objective of this study is to propose long-term solutions to the power sector by encouraging investment in the internal power generation to enhance sustainability and reliability. The proposed long-term solution also takes additional measures towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDG) such as economic growth, agricultural development, groundwater recharge, industrial development, flood and water control, job creation, and a green and clean environment.

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Mohebullah Wali 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Himayatullah Majidi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Milad Ahmad Abdullah 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Homayoun Yaqobi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The enormous potential supply of energy in central Asia offers an excellent opportunity to establish international energy-sharing agreements, mitigate political instability, and improve regional socio-economic development. Pakistan and India have increasingly relied on energy imported from Middle and Central Asia to meet frequent energy shortages. Afghanistan has played a central role in recent efforts to balance energy trade among regional countries with an emerging opportunity as an emerging energy hub. This study considers what energy trade policies and strategies are needed to transform Afghanistan from energy consumer to energy provider. This analysis summarizes multi-disciplinary approaches that target geopolitics, economic, trade, management, institutional, environmental, and technical aspects. This study avoided a commentary description of the subject. The overriding objective of this study is addressing key solutions to enable Afghanistan as a leading stakeholder of the energy hub in the region countries. The finding of this study is outlined in 30 recommendations. Beneficiaries and stakeholders also express increasing concern about Afghanistan’s current security and political stability. This brief study can inform students, researchers, scholars, and interested policymakers with the recent trends and future outlook.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahamadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Abdul Matin Ibrahimi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Zahra Nazari 
Department of Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Hamid Ahadi 
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

In order to meet the growing need for cooling in buildings, solar air conditioning systems are a creative and environmentally friendly alternative. Solar energy is the primary energy source for producing chilled air, which can be used to maintain comforting inside temperatures. The working theories and components of several solar air conditioning systems, including hybrid, adsorption, and absorption systems, are thoroughly reviewed in this research. It also discusses the performance, efficiency, and economic feasibility of these systems and their environmental impact. The review highlights the potential benefits of solar air conditioning, such as plummeting greenhouse gas emissions, reducing energy usage, and enhancing indoor air quality. However, the paper also recognizes the limitations and challenges that need to be addressed to increase the widespread adoption of solar air conditioning systems. During our analysis, we found that solar air conditioning systems require consideration in terms of design and technological aspects. Ensuring these systems perform optimally in different climates and are economically viable is crucial. While there are challenges involved such as addressing the variations in resources and the initial setup costs. However, we are witnessing progress through advancements in materials, components, and control strategies. This continuous improvement inspires and reinforces the belief that solar air conditioning can become an accessible cooling solution for applications. This review provides a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers interested in promoting sustainable and energy-efficient cooling technologies.

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Mohammad Azim Rasuli 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Shuichi Torii 
Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The modern world's reliance on fossil fuels has led to many issues, including rising fuel prices, pollution, climate change, and geopolitical unrest. While massive effort is required to deal with climate change comprehensively. Developing alternative energy sources and storage technologies is an important priority that can only be gained over time by reducing these issues. Because of this, recent years have seen an increase in the use of high-power and high-energy density storage systems, increasing the use of renewable energy sources or improving transportation efficiency contribute to climate change mitigation. Renewable energy resource deployment is associated with storage systems for reliable and continuous energy supply. It is essential to keep developing more efficient storage units to advance environmentally friendly technologies. Despite extensive research and development efforts, an essential upsurge in energy storage capability is required to meet future demand. In the next generation of energy storage devices, supercapacitors (SCs) seem an excellent candidate for wearable and portable electronics compared to the flexible lithium-ion batteries-based technologies. Electrochemically excellent carbon materials are required to protect the environment and develop renewable energy sources, but they are scarce. Depending on the desired carbon morphology, there are many different types of biomasses and biowaste materials from which to choose carbon precursors. The preparatory work and characterization of newly found and evolved bio-based carbon sources are discussed and summarized in this study. Precursor and nanostructure types are listed in alphabetical order. New carbon precursors with excellent electrochemical performance in energy storage applications are also discussed. Ultimately, a conclusion and an outlook from the application perspective are drawn.

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Qamar Navid 
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Masoumeh Taali 
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran

Mahdi Khosravy 
Cross Labs, Cross-compass Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Among the various types of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), the metal-oxide-based ones fulfill all the essential criteria such as strong bonding, organic linking units, and highly crystalline nature, properties required to be effective photocatalysts to serve environmental remediation. Moreover, the even spread of active sites and semiconductor properties make the MOFs ideal for absorbing irradiation from UV as well as visible light sources. Metal oxide composites with carbon based materials, especially, show high photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of organic dyes. Considering the relatively low cost of metal oxide semiconductors compared to pure metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide composites can provide a great alternative as photocatalysts especially considering the adjustable bandgaps and synergistic effects. Therefore, the metal oxide application as the photocatalysts in industry and technology in terms of techno-economic advantage is attracted. In this study, energy sustainability and solving carbon-related issues through metal oxide-based materials are discussed. This study aims to review metal oxide composites including metal oxide-MOFs and metal oxide-carbon material compositions as photocatalysts, application, merits in environmental and energy systems performances, and its contribution as an influential factor for sustainable development.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Abdul Matin Ibrahimi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Arnab Bhattacharya 
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa 900-0015, Japan

Zahra Nazari 
Department of Computer Science, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Sayed Mir Shah Danish 
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical Teachers Training Academy (TTTA), Chihl Sutton, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahmadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

In general terms, energy efficiency and conservation appraisal aspire to deliver an insatiable energy demand with less energy within the most significant amount of conservation and environmental benefits at the lowest possible price. Sustainable planning and design rely on a series of multi-disciplines: technical, technological, social, political, environmental, ecological, economic, institutional, and global restrictions that abstruse viable decision-making. Recent reports indicate that the residential building sector consumes 40% of the total energy and emits 30% of greenhouse gas (GHGs) worldwide. Thus accordingly, energy consumption in buildings is estimated at one-third of total primary energy resources. Therefore, proper modeling and optimization of a sustainable building in terms of energy efficiency and saving become a matter of focus. This paper explores an emerging picture of influential factors in the context of hands-on roadmap for energy-efficient and smart city planners, practitioners, scholars, and researchers. This study reviews the main points and proposes a framework in detail in the upcoming studies. Meanwhile, another objective of this paper was to introduce the most crucial indicators of energy-efficient building planning, design, and optimization to draw an exhaustive roadmap in compliance with resiliency, sustainability, and efficiency criteria throughout the lifecycle of a sustainable building.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 9030213, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Masooma Nazari 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada

Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Thabit Salim Nassor 
Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Karume Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Mbweni Road, Zanzibar, Tanzania

Sayed Mir Shah Danish 
Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical Teachers Training Academy (TTTA), Chihl Sutton, Kabul, Afghanistan

Hedayatullah Karimy 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan hosts the Hindu Kush, an extension of the Himalaya mountains that act as water sources for five major rivers flowing through Afghanistan. Most of these rivers provide promise for the construction of water dams and installment of micro hydropower plants (MHP). Although civil war and political strife continue to threaten the country for more than four decades, the Afghan government introduced strategic plans for the development of the country. In 2016 Afghanistan introduced the Afghanistan National Peace and Development (ANPD) Framework at Brussels designed to support Afghanistan’s progress towards achieving the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). This study discussed the 7th Goal (ensuring access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all) and 8th Goal (promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) alignment in Afghanistan. The Afghan government acknowledges its responsibility to provide electricity for all of its citizens, but this can only be achieved if the government can secure a reliable source of energy. Afghanistan’s mountainous terrain provides a challenge to build a central energy distribution system. Therefore this study looks for alternative solutions to the energy problems in Afghanistan and explores feasibility of micro-hydropower plant installations in remote areas. This study evaluated socio-economic impacts of micro-hydropower plants in the life of average residents. We focused on one example of a micro hydropower plant located in Parwan, conducted interviews with local residents, and gathered on-site data. The findings in this study can help policymakers to analyze the effects of development projects in the social and economic life of residents. It will encourage the government and hopefully the private sector to invest in decentralized energy options, while the country is facing an ever-growing energy demand.

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Mohammad Airaj Firdaws Sadiq 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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3. [3] Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity Sector Development Trends in an After-war Country: Afghanistan Aspiration for an Independent Energy Country” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 553–557) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.08.007
4. [4] Ludin GA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2017) “Hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel Based Distributed Generation for an Off-Grid Rural Village in Afghanistan” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 2, ) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.02.003
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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan is one of the developing countries in South Asia with an enormous renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Since 1893, utilization of secondary (modern) form of energy in Afghanistan has been pursued. The trends of sustainable energy provision have been reinforced after the post-conflicts in Afghanistan. The Sustainable Development Goal-7 (affordable and clean energy access) encourages nations to assess their resource development of renewable, affordable, and accessible energy. Unlike many developing countries that struggle to identify domestic sources of clean, sustainable energy, Afghanistan has hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal resources as assets. This literature review analyzes Afghanistan’s potential for renewable energy to identify obstacles and challenges like security, economics, and technology. Using surveys conducted by national and international organizations. This research evaluates Afghanistan’s progress in meeting SDG-7, identifies the main barriers for renewable energy development, and offers recommended solutions. This study reveals the facts of energy sector development in Afghanistan to enable students, researchers, and practitioners with an overview of the current situation and future direction of the energy sector. Also, this study offers a concise outlook for energy sector investors and donors at the national and international stages.

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Ahmad Khalid Slimankhil 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Abed Anwarzai 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mikaeel Ahmadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mohammad Hamid Ahadi 
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Cities are predicted to host 80 % of the populations by 2050 considering the current urbanization rate. It is inevitable. No choice is left to us but to keep our cities clean and livable. Efficient use of energy is tightly linked with the smart cities. Looking at the technology development trends and the extensive need for efficient use of energy, cities must be transforming to smart ones in order to keep them clean and livable for this and generations to come. Kabul city population has been growing so rapidly and also expanding widely to its outskirts in the last two decades. Environmental footprints have been so significant and diverse. One of the critical issues with Kabul city has been the access to clean and abundant sources of energy. At the same time, lack of a master plan for its future has made this city in the danger of becoming empty from the habitants in few decades. This is very important to draw future now. Develop a new vision for our cities that is meeting the requirements of future. Kabul city needs one badly. One important area of a city to be discussed is its energy demand, supply and consumption. In this research, energy demand, sustainable sources of energy supply and consumption are thoroughly discussed. Based on our key assumption, livable and clean Kabul, all the other parameters are analyzed and suggested. In specific, we have discussed the energy demand for electricity, heating & cooling of buildings, transportation and industry. It is also assumed that Kabul will be modern and smart city with state of the art technology available all around it. Key data and references for this research are: 1. Sasaki Urban Design Framework for Kabul city, 2. Previous master plans of Kabul city, 3. Energy strategies and outlooks for Afghanistan, 4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and many other guidelines internationally used for urban planning and design. This research will help policy makers, urban planners and designers, municipality authorities, other urban issues related sectors to work jointly and make smart and rational decisions for the capital of Afghanistan and save it from going abandoned.

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Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Improving people's standard of living has increased their requirements for the environment. Increasing air temperature in urban areas due to urban heat islands (UHI) has been a global concern since industrialization. Apart from suitable facilities and landscapes, a comfortable outdoor thermal environment can improve the efficiency of urban space use. Ensuring outdoor comfort is an integral part of the design agenda where the UHI phenomenon plays a significant role. A study has been conducted on a residential building campus to analyze the effect of these heat island countermeasures (individual and combined) with the help of the simulation tool Grasshopper. A 3D reference model of a small residential campus is developed. The outdoor thermal comfort level is studied for this case, and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is evaluated. Further, several UHI mitigation strategies such as wall and roof reflectivity, vegetation, plantation, pavement configuration, and shading are applied to find their effect on the micro-climate and outdoor thermal comfort. Based on the simulation outcomes, urban geometry is identified as the most influential design factor in decreasing the urban heat island effect and outdoor thermal comfort. The study's principal objective is to develop a simulation framework including all mitigation strategies and find the best case for UHI reduction.

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Vaibhav Rai Khare 
Environmental Design Solutions, New Delhi, Delhi, India

Vaishaly 
Environmental Design Solutions, New Delhi, Delhi, India

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Energy Systems (Chubu Electric Power) Funded Research Division, Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University, Japan

Mahdi Khosravy 
Cross Labs, Cross-compass Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Abdul Matin Ibrahimi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Alexey Mikhaylov 
Research Center of Monetary Relations, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The world over-reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy has led to a tremendous increase in environmental and climate change distresses. It has negatively impacted the ecosystem such that, if not checked, it will lead to dire consequences to the current population and jeopardize future generations’ well-being. The natural capital, being finite, can only sustain the world for several years. This paper analyses how technical, technological, economic, social, institutional, and political dimensions interact with sustainability. It also proposes the best approach to achieving sustainability goals proposed by the United Nations (UN). This empiric analysis paper relies on the literature review not analytical models. It comes up that there is no single methodology that will maintain sustainability requirements by 2030 independence, and every effort toward suitability needs specific measures of a unique nature. A multifaceted approach is ideal. It will take individuals, corporates, civil societies, non-state organizations, and governments to sustain sustainability significantly. All the above-listed dimensions influence environmental sustainability making it imperative to use relevant approaches in pursuing energy and environmental sustainability. Besides, cross-sector and intergovernmental methodologies are vital in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, this study focused on sustainability pillars expositions from lessons learned and examples, including political leadership, governance, policy, legislation, etc. That can influence sustainable development dimensions in achieving overall energy and environmental sustainability objectives. So, sustainability needs to be a global top priority list and executed as a matter of urgency.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Nadeem Faisal 
Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, Centre for Skilling and Technical Support, Balasore, Odisha, India

Mohammad Zubair Stanikzai 
Department of Academic Affairs, REPA—Research and Education Promotion Association, Okinawa, 900-0015, Japan

Abdul Malik Nazari 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

José G. Vargas-Hernández 
University Center for Economic and Managerial Sciences, University of Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jal., Mexico

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Loss of land, disputes on sharing costs, and benefits of transboundary waterways are points of debate between neighboring countries. Unfortunately, weak, undeveloped countries always suffer more than their stronger neighbors. Due to economic, political, and institutional problems, Afghanistan is one country that faces challenges to develop the potential of its water resources. Each year, Amu River flooding causes great losses of land due to massive bank degradations and erosions for up to several kilometers. Currently little progress has been made to study, research, or manage the bank erosions of the Amu River. In the absence of field data, the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) may be used to analyze stream bank stability and toe erosion. This study was conducted to describe the Amu River stream bank using the BSTEM model for a restoration process. A field survey was conducted from February 3, 2019, to February 23, 2019; soil type, layer thickness, water table depth, and stream bank profile are entered into the BSTEM model with two different flow depths according to insights from villagers and well-diggers. Mass failure and toe erosion are two dominant mechanisms of Amu River bank failure, and the effectiveness of vegetation on bank protection is observed.

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Mohammad Omar Rasouli 
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Sayed Hashmat Sadat 
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Stefanos Xenarios 
Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The upper portion of the ‎Panjshir River watershed consists of steep mountain ‎valleys in the Hindu Kush mountain range, which reaches over 6,000 meters above sea ‎level and remains snow covered throughout the year. The Glacier Lakes there pose a potential flood risk to the Panjshir valley. As the weather is warming ‎globally, the increasing temperatures accelerate the melting rate of the ‎glacier, causing the mountain ice caps to melt and create numerous lakes. Over the last decade, two of these lakes ruptured, leaving dozens of deaths, many hectares of land farm washed out, and hundreds of houses destroyed. This study looks at the potential impact of climate change on villagers in the province.‎ Hydro-‎‎meteorological data ‎(wind, temperature, precipitation, and runoff) from five meteorological stations over the last decade were analyzed with satellite imagery. Discharge data at the outlet of this sub-basin over ten years were also analyzed with remote sensing data for higher accuracy and validity.‎ Rising regional climate temperatures have resulted in faster snow and glacier melting, causing more discharge, high evapotranspiration, and higher ‎water demand. Although precipitation decreased between 2008 and 2018, ‎discharge increased from melting glaciers.‎ Satellite imagery reveals 234 lakes in the valley; ‎‎66 lakes have potential or high potential risk to the six districts of this province, and Paryan district is at most risk.

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Mariam Khulmi Sajood 
Department of Hydrometeorology, Faculty of Geoscience, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Abdul Ghias Safi 
Department of Hydrometeorology, Faculty of Geoscience, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Digital revolution, as a result of the fourth industrial revolution, is changing the way people live and conduct their business. Its promise of sustainability is building optimism amongst users. However, there is a lack of research in understanding how digital platform business models can be tailored for use in existing businesses and how this technology can be used to revolutionize new businesses. This study conducted a systematic literature review to create a deeper understanding of the technology of digital platform business models and their characteristics and application. The results of this study are used to develop a hybrid structure of the digital platform business models and their components. Also, this study identified the critical elements of the cyber-physical system. Herein, the core, trendy, intermittent, and emergent keywords relating to digital platform business models are placed and analyzed. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by an in-depth understanding of digital platform business models and their relevance in the fourth industrial revolution by removing barriers that may limit their use.

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Temitayo Shenkoya 
Science and Technology Knowledge Research Institute, Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon, South Korea

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan endows enormous renewable and nonrenewable resources as a primary impetus for development of energy and agriculture. The percentage of the population whose access to the essential daily necessities for having a healthy life is among the lowest in the world. This dilemma chiefly refers to the rural and remote communities in Afghanistan. In terms of rural societies, sustainable development is a decision-making strategy that balances social, economic, technical, institutional, and environmental aspects that assures the present needs of humankind, considering the future anticipation simultaneously. The concept developed in this study targets achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs), which are appropriate for rural and remote residents’ lifestyle change and improvement in Afghanistan. Setting measurable sustainability indicators is indispensable for the productive invention of a sustained plane for a sustainable rural community. This study proposes a sustainable mechanism for Afghanistan's rural development by confirming the 2030 sustainable development 17 Goals (SDGs). Among these SDGs, the designed framework (methodology) meets 11 goals directly and the rest of 6 goals indirectly. Besides, the proposed framework propounds a novel solution and involves all crucial segments of routine healthy life in rural Afghanistan. It consecrated criteria that fit the real-life anticipations and can lead the rural communities toward self-sufficiency for long-run sustainability. Based on the academic research and experts' judgment methods, overall analysis procedures can fit as an analogy, especially for other communities and developing countries as a pilot project.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Naomitsu Urasaki 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Nisar Ahmad Rahmany 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Murtaza Ershad 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Khaled Zarabie 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Mohammad Abed Anwarzai 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hedayatullah Karimy 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Climate change and global warming are the main challenges for today and the future nations from the health and environment perspectives. Energy generation utilizing fossil fuel is the leading cause of these issues. On its opposite side, elimination or suppression of fossil fuel utilization by introducing clean and abundant renewable energy resources could be the best solution. In general, renewable energies have low efficiency and high capital cost compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy supply. Therefore, without considering proper approaches and techniques, it is not encouraging to supply energy through renewable energy resources. Conquering the problem, we need to find the best method and ways to create cheap and efficient energy by renewable sources as possible. In this paper, a methodology is investigated and proposed to simultaneously save energy and cost considering useful parameters such as the effect of different modules, temperature, location, and tilt angle. An estimation-based tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) known as PV Watts, which is utilized in this paper. A 10 kW photovoltaic system with three different modules in two different locations Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan is selected as a case study. From the results, it is found that selection of a specific module for a specific region with different temperatures and appropriate title angles has a significant effect on the performance of photovoltaic systems. It is worthy of mention that before implementing a photovoltaic system, different aspects of the system should be evaluated using proper software/tools in order to achieve optimal energy performance. Finally, better energy system performance contributes to the attraction of investment in renewable energy resources as a clean and sustainable energy supply option.

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Khalil Mohammadi 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Kambiz Karimi 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahmadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

1. [1] Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2014) “Pre-design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan” The Journal of Engineering-IET (vol. 2014, no. 8, pp. 438–444) https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2014.0172
2. [2] Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An Open-door Immature Policy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12
3. [3] Yaqobi MA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Urakaki N, Howlader AM, et al. (2018) “Control and Energy Management Strategy of Standalone DC Microgrid Cluster using PV and Battery Storage for Rural Application” International Journal of Power and Energy Research (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 53–68) https://doi.org/10.22606/ijper.2018.24001
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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Energy has been harvested from water, wind and solar as isolated distributed generation (DG) to electrify rural households and villages in Afghanistan. Several solar PV and wind farms have been or planned to be built as isolated distributed generators in those provinces that have no access to national grid. While it is ideal that the national electrical grid be extended to those provinces and regions, these distributed generators are not compatible with the operating voltage specifications of the national grid. In this study, we have focused on changing the topology of distribution grid at the planning and design stage by introducing active devices to control voltage, especially in the weak nodes of the grid. At substations which convert DG to MV/LV, using two active devices such as On Load Tap Changing-Phase Shifting Transformer (OLTC-PST) and Static Synchronize Compensator (STATCOM) should be considered in the design. The integration a 1-MW wind power distributed generator in Panjshir province of Afghanistan with the national grid network is considered. Introducing these active devices that increases the installed DG power in weak networks is analyzed. An operation and control strategy for the Active Substation is verified by temporal power flow simulations. The results show that using these active devices can increase the active power injection capability in weak networks.

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Ali Jan Joya 
Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

Habiburahman Shirani 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Green-supply chain management practices improve organizational performance from a financial and non-financial perspective. This study aims to evaluate the impact of green supply chain strategies on organizational performance. High involvement of waste reduces the efficiency of the supply chain process, which ultimately creates an adverse impact on the performance of an organization. The lack of waste reduction strategies affects the environment in terms of pollution and over-consumption of energy. This study is descriptive, and the SLR (Systematic literature review) approach is used to evaluate the impact of green practices on organizational performance. The green supply chain practices reduce the company's cost because green strategies eliminate valueless elements for customers and increase the price. The research contributes to the field of academics and business as well. From a theoretical point of view, the desired study extends the literature for future scholars. From a business perspective, the selected research suggests strategies to reduce supply chain waste. Secondary research is used to collect the data, and results will be generated after evaluating peer-reviewed articles from authentic journals. It is concluded that green practices are the need of the present business era because businesses have to reduce waste and contribute to environmental protection to get a competitive advantage.

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Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Hedayatullah Karimy 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

This study interrogates the role of volunteers in society empowerment to enable students with a broad view of volunteerism as a first action. This study aims to encourage volunteer research, education, and social activities at the undergraduate and graduate students' levels. At first sight, significant workforce needs exist in educational research and studies, while only a small percentage of students volunteer their services. Consequently, many students miss the opportunity to give back to the community and excel in their academic and career assets in the long run. The analysis exposed that students are the first beneficially in unique ways if they volunteer in research and education. It is also observed that research immensely impacts learning, and knowledge positively influences society. Therefore, by implication, volunteer activities in research and education will benefit young volunteers and communities. Besides, volunteer opportunities are readily available to students. Also, conducting volunteer activities has been impactful on the overall performance rating. A volunteer should train and learn best practices and behavior. It will promote educational research, student success and improve livelihood in the community. In conclusion, this study reveals that volunteering in the field of education and research is critically important for students to participate in volunteer activities.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Seyedeh Maryam Tayarani 
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa 900-0015, Japan

Michell Ann Julieth Marasigan 
Liaison Office, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa 900-0015, Japan

Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Alexandra Gebarowska 
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa 900-0015, Japan

Maria Luisa Grilli 
Department of Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Having been a war zone for the last four decades, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries where affordable access to quality education is still a dream for many of its people. According to the 2017 UNICEF Annual Report, over 40% (3.7 million) of school-age children were out of school in Afghanistan. In order to better design projects and programs that are working towards reducing this number, it is necessary first to understand the root causes of the issue. The objective of this research is to assess and analyze some of the various social and economic barriers that keep children out of school in Kabul City and hence, offer additional key information and recommendations for limiting this critical issue. Primary data of 300 children were collected through a survey conducted randomly in Kabul City. The target population of this survey were working children (between the ages of 5 and 18) and parents from households of different ethnic, linguistic, and regional backgrounds. Poverty and cultural limitations were found to be the most common factors preventing Afghan children from going to school. Other factors like access, physical disability, guardian’s type and education level, lack of infrastructure, child labor, and gender discrimination may also contribute to this issue. Results of the analysis suggest that government agencies can play a significant role in facilitating affordable access to quality education for all children by extending coverage of public schools, offering reasonable financial grants for poor families in order to avoid the need for child labor, and bringing necessary legal reforms in the traditional norms to discourage child marriage and gender discrimination.

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Abdul Baseer Khan 
Department of Business, Faculty of Business Administration, American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), Kabul, Afghanistan

1. [1] All in school and learning: Global Initiative on out-of-school children – Afghanistan country study (2018) Afghanistan country study Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Education, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (unicef). (https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/afg-report-oocs2018.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019
2. [2] Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan (2018) “Afghanistan living conditions survey (2016-2017)” Analysis report Kabul, Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan. (https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2018-07/AfghanistanALCS2016-17Analysisreport.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019
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7. [7] Shayan Z (2015) “Gender Inequality in Education in Afghanistan: Access and Barriers” Open Journal of Philosophy (vol. 05, no. 05, pp. 277–284) https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2015.55035
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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Reducing poverty is a critical topic of policy discussion across the world. Developing countries and post-conflict environments commonly face poverty growth. At present, Afghanistan is experiencing the highest rate of poverty in the world; only one tenth of the Afghan population has access to financial services that are mostly localized within the capital and regional cities. In this paper I hypothesize financial inclusion as a contextualized model that can significantly reduce the rate of poverty. I use a set of timeseries data on financial inclusion determinants excluding insurance as the explanatory variables and linearly regress them on the rate of poverty from 2004 to 2018. The statistical results reveal that ATMs per 100,000 adults in the country significantly reduce poverty by 0.25% by increasing capital mobility and remittances. Credit cards and borrowing facilities to the informal economy have significant coefficients of 0.00635% and 0.0207% respectively on poverty reduction as an emergent strategy. The security variable has a significant coefficient of 41% reduction of poverty. Among all other variables tested, extending mobile money facilities is also significant and reduces poverty by 0.015%.

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Mohammad Naim Azimi 
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

1. [1] Ayub M (2013) “Poverty and Inequality” Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies (vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 329–346) https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910113505796
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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

COVID-19 pandemic has made the future uncertain for many in general, but students in particular because institutes suddenly shutting down, while this new transition has hit everyone differently. Still, it has left significant pressure on the students specifically. This pandemic has changed the ways of living - financially, physically, emotionally, and mentally. This study analyses the impact of COVID-19 on students' mental health. It covers the globe, how they have been dealing with it, and which coping mechanisms worked best for them during this time. The study also discussed how different financial backgrounds had left a different psychological impact on the students. The methodology adopted utilizes all the previous research and their data, which helped us determine the most worked solution vs the least worked solution. In addition to literature, data from UNICEF about education and COVID-19 are utilized to determine the adverse impact of COVID-19. This study has also briefly touched on the impact of remote learning on students' mental health and how students have coped with this sudden yet uncertain new change. The research has come up with some proven solutions for students to perform better academically during this uncertain time without compromising their mental health.

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Zunaira Iftikhar 
Department of Physiotherapy & Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Alexey Mikhaylov 
Research Center of Monetary Relations, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Aquaculture systems and technologies are growing industries in many countries with high environmental and socio-economic advantages. Afghanistan, a landlocked country in South Asia with diverse geographic and ecological features, reported the lowest fish consumption rate (just above 2 kg per capita). After conflicts and instability in Afghanistan, aquaculture and fisheries sectors revived slowly, followed by a rapid production and demand increase in the last four years. However, Afghanistan can demonstrate with a long history of fishery and agriculture productions in the past, but the post-conflict and stability efforts are minimal. Therefore, Afghanistan's aquaculture and fisheries sectors are conventional and require more effort to study and propose viable solutions aligned with today’s technological and sustainability requirements. Adequate and historically documented information about Afghanistan's aquaculture and fisheries activities are pretty limited. This study covers previous aquaculture initiatives, establishes a thematic review of the current situation based on little available information, and follows by a foresight outlook of the future trends. Besides, it presents the essential factors associated with production-efficient aquaculture and fishery systems in light of economic and production performance indicators. These indicators are briefly discussed that contribute to system planners and practitioners in decision-making and optimizing economic and operational efficiencies. Besides of studying Afghanistan aquaculture and fishery sectors, the basic criteria for successful small scale aquaculture are also presented that can be counted as one of the recent compositions of the subject in terms of scholarly managed information within an exhaustive insight.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Abdul Matin Ibrahimi 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Mohammad Aman Yaqobi 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Shingo Udagawa 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Alexey Mikhaylov 
Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 125167, Russia

Nadeem Faisal 
Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, Centre for Skilling and Technical Support, Balasore, Odisha, India

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Onion botanically named Allium cepa L. is a major crop of the Alliaceae family. It is one of the largest commercially grown vegetables in the world, including Afghanistan. This crop originated from Afghanistan and a large number of its wild varieties are observed in the country. The local variety named Safid e Paisaye was selected for this investigation due to its capacity for longer storage and higher demand in the market. Very little research effort has been made to improve its bulb quality and share in the market. This investigation is carried out at Kabul University agriculture research farm in coordination with Amity University Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of land management and planting date on the physical properties of onion bulbs. The parameters studied in this investigation include bulb width (cm), length (cm), thickness (cm), geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, shape index, sphericity, roundness, ellipsoid ratio, frontal surface, cross-sectional area, total area, number of scales, equatorial firmness (Kg/cm2), and polar firmness (Kg/cm2). The data is collected using required tools and was analyzed using R statistical analysis software. The results showed a significant effect of planting date on the physical properties of onion bulbs. The first planting date (10th May) recorded the largest bulb width (6.95 cm), length (4.42 cm), thickness (6.75 cm), geometric mean diameter (5.91 cm), arithmetic mean diameter (6.04 cm), frontal surface (24.26 cm2), cross-sectional area (28.84 cm2), and total area (110.63 cm2). The same planting date recorded the lowest values for bulb shape index (0.64) and sphericity (0.85). Land management practices did not have a significant effect on the physical properties of onion bulbs. None of the studied factors had a significant effect on bulb roundness, ellipsoid ratio, number of scales, equatorial firmness, and polar firmness. Conclusions: early planting of Safid e Paisaye onion seedlings can increase bulb size and improve bulb physical characteristics. This also helps to maintain the flat and round shape of onion bulbs. Land preparation method and plough depth do not have a significant influence on the physical properties of onion bulbs.

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Hamid Salari 
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

B.S. Hansra 
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat 
Department of Soil Science, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) is the needed evaporative cooling system introduced as one of the economical small scale on-farm storage in Afghanistan for enhancing the shelf life of tomato and other fresh crops. Tomato is one of the highest value crops, and due to excellent flavor, higher juice, and pulp content of tomato fruits of “Pearson” variety makes it further valuable. Hence, this study aims to understand the effect of ZECC and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato’s fruits harvested at turning and light red colors’ stages. Fruits were treated with different concentrations of CaCl2 and mint leaf extract solutions and kept in both ZECC and ambient storages. The shelf life of tomato fruits extended up to 29 days under T4 (turning color fruits + 6% CaCl2 + ZECC). Under the same treatment, the highest firmness as 840.0 grcm-2 and the lowest PLW, Decay Losses and TSS were recorded as 1.80%, 0.0% and 4.400 brix, respectively; on the 20th day of the storage. The lowest shelf life under T11 (Light red color fruits + distilled water dip + Ambient condition) was about 8 days. As a result, the ZECC as an evaporative cooling system significantly enhanced the shelf life and maintained the quality of tomato fruits harvested at the turning color stage treated with 6% CaCl2.

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Sayed Samiullah Hakimi 
Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
AIHSR, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Ravinder Raina 
AFAF, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat 
SSAC, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. [1] Rayaguru K, Khan MK, Sahoo NR (2010) “Water use optimization in zero energy cool chambers for short term storage of fruits and vegetables in coastal area” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 437–441) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0072-7
2. [2] Lal Basediya A, Samuel DVK, Beera V (2013) “Evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables - a review” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 429–442) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0311-6
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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the important commercial high value crops of Afghanistan. Among the different local varieties grown in Afghanistan, the “Pearson” variety is most popular because of its good commercial value due to its uniform globe shape and medium to large size. The study is conducted to understand the effects of different harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on the shelf life and postharvest quality of tomatoes (Pearson variety) stored under the Pusa Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Kabul University. This is the first time that ZECC is introduced in Afghanistan for enhancing fruit shelf life. The standard dimension ZECC was built with 165 x 115 x 67.6 cm dimensions. After harvesting tomatoes at different maturity stages (Turning, Pink, and Light red color stages), fruits were precooled, graded, and treated with different concentrations of CaCl2 and mint leaf extract solutions. Thereafter, the tomatoes were placed in plastic baskets and stored in the Zero Energy Cool Chamber. During storage period, Total Soluble Solids (TSS, 0brix), pH, firmness (gr cm-2), shelf life, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit volume (cc), and fruit density were recorded. Two factorial CRD design was considered with harvesting stages as the first factor and postharvest treatments as the second factor. The data revealed that the shelf life of tomatoes was extended up to 29 days under T2 (turning color fruits treated with 6% CaCl2) and followed by T8 (turning color fruits treated with 6% CaCl2 + 6% mint Leaves extract) up to 28 days. Under T2, quality parameters such as TSS and pH increased from 3.85%brix and 2.85 to 4.4 0brix and 3.4, respectively. Firmness, pericarp and volume decreased from 1750 grcm-2, 0.75cm and 135 cc to 840 grcm-2, 0.67cm and 127 cc, respectively. At the last observation, density remained unchanged (1.00 gr/cc). In conclusion, tomatoes harvested at the turning-color stage treated with 6% CaCl2 and followed by 6% CaCl2 + 6% mint leaves’ extract had a significant effect on the enhancement of shelf life and quality of tomatoes under ZECC condition.

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Sayed Samiullah Hakimi 
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Neeru Dubey 
Amity International Centre for Post-Harvest Technology and Cold Chain Management, Faculty of Horticulture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat 
Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry (SSAC), Department of Soil Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. [1] Agriculture Statistic Department (2017) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (https://www.mail.gov.af/en) Accessed: 1 November 2019
2. [2] Saraswathy S, Preethi TL, Balasubramanyan S, Suresh J, Revathy N, et al. (2008) “Postharvest management of horticultural crops,” 1st ed. Rajasthan, India, Agrobios (India). 577 p. ISBN: 978-81-7754-322-3
3. [3] Arthur E, Oduro I, Kumah P (2015) “Postharvest Quality Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum, Mill) Fruits to Different Concentrations of Calcium Chloride at Different Dip- Times” American Journal of Food and Nutrition (pp. 1–8)
4. [4] Al-Sum BA, Al-Arfaj AA (2014) “Antimicrobial Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Mint Plant” Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 110) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.19
5. [5] Moghaddam M, Pourbaige M, Tabar HK, Farhadi N, Hosseini SMA (2013) “Composition and Antifungal Activity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil from Iran” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 506–512) https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813265
6. [6] A LB, Dv S, V B (2011) “Evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables - a review.” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 429–442) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0311-6
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Onion (Allium cepa L.) is among the most cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Afghanistan is thought to be the origin as several local and wild varieties are found in different parts of the country. Safid e Paisaye is a local variety grown in central parts of Afghanistan in the Ghorband valley. This variety has long storability and high market demand among restaurants in the region, but little research has been done to increase the quality and its availability to the market to increase its market share in Afghanistan. Conducted under supervision of Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, at Agriculture Faculty Research Farm of Kabul University, this investigation looks at plough depth, land preparation methods, and planting date on quality and yield of onion bulb; it also studied other cultural practices including irrigation and fertilization dose and frequency. The parameters studied in this investigation include neck diameter (cm), bulb diameter (cm), neck to bulb ratio, bulb weight (gr), bulb volume (cm3), bulb density (gr/cm3), Total Soluble Solids (TSS) (Brix), firmness (Kg/cm2), marketable yield (MT/Ha), and total yield (MT/Ha). The data revealed that planting date has significant influence on bulb quality and yield of onion. The highest bulb diameter (6.95 cm), bulb weight (121 gr), bulb volume (128 cm3), marketable yield (32.54 MT/Ha), and total yield (34.24 MT/Ha) and the lowest neck to bulb ratio (0.04) were recorded for the first planting date (seed sown in nursery on 10 March - seedlings planted in field on 10 May). Land preparation methods only had significant influence on marketable yield; the highest marketable yield (26.90 MT/Ha) was recorded for flat bed land preparation method. Plough depth had no significant influence on onion quality and yield. Bulb density, TSS,and firmness were not significantly influenced by factors studied in this investigation. Conclusions: early sowing and planting of onion variety Safid e paisaye can significantly increase yield and productivity. Flat bed land preparation method is more suitable for higher productivity of onion variety Safid e Paisaye as compared to raised beds.

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Hamid Salari 
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

B.S. Hansra 
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharwat 
Department of Soil Science, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.