Digital revolution, as a result of the fourth industrial revolution, is changing the way people live and conduct their business. Its promise of sustainability is building optimism amongst users. However, there is a lack of research in understanding how digital platform business models can be tailored for use in existing businesses and how this technology can be used to revolutionize new businesses. This study conducted a systematic literature review to create a deeper understanding of the technology of digital platform business models and their characteristics and application. The results of this study are used to develop a hybrid structure of the digital platform business models and their components. Also, this study identified the critical elements of the cyber-physical system. Herein, the core, trendy, intermittent, and emergent keywords relating to digital platform business models are placed and analyzed. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by an in-depth understanding of digital platform business models and their relevance in the fourth industrial revolution by removing barriers that may limit their use.

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Temitayo Shenkoya 
Science and Technology Knowledge Research Institute, Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon, South Korea

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan endows enormous renewable and nonrenewable resources as a primary impetus for development of energy and agriculture. The percentage of the population whose access to the essential daily necessities for having a healthy life is among the lowest in the world. This dilemma chiefly refers to the rural and remote communities in Afghanistan. In terms of rural societies, sustainable development is a decision-making strategy that balances social, economic, technical, institutional, and environmental aspects that assures the present needs of humankind, considering the future anticipation simultaneously. The concept developed in this study targets achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs), which are appropriate for rural and remote residents’ lifestyle change and improvement in Afghanistan. Setting measurable sustainability indicators is indispensable for the productive invention of a sustained plane for a sustainable rural community. This study proposes a sustainable mechanism for Afghanistan's rural development by confirming the 2030 sustainable development 17 Goals (SDGs). Among these SDGs, the designed framework (methodology) meets 11 goals directly and the rest of 6 goals indirectly. Besides, the proposed framework propounds a novel solution and involves all crucial segments of routine healthy life in rural Afghanistan. It consecrated criteria that fit the real-life anticipations and can lead the rural communities toward self-sufficiency for long-run sustainability. Based on the academic research and experts' judgment methods, overall analysis procedures can fit as an analogy, especially for other communities and developing countries as a pilot project.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Naomitsu Urasaki 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Nisar Ahmad Rahmany 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Murtaza Ershad 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Khaled Zarabie 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Mohammad Abed Anwarzai 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hedayatullah Karimy 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hameedullah Zaheb 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Climate change and global warming are the main challenges for today and the future nations from the health and environment perspectives. Energy generation utilizing fossil fuel is the leading cause of these issues. On its opposite side, elimination or suppression of fossil fuel utilization by introducing clean and abundant renewable energy resources could be the best solution. In general, renewable energies have low efficiency and high capital cost compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy supply. Therefore, without considering proper approaches and techniques, it is not encouraging to supply energy through renewable energy resources. Conquering the problem, we need to find the best method and ways to create cheap and efficient energy by renewable sources as possible. In this paper, a methodology is investigated and proposed to simultaneously save energy and cost considering useful parameters such as the effect of different modules, temperature, location, and tilt angle. An estimation-based tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) known as PV Watts, which is utilized in this paper. A 10 kW photovoltaic system with three different modules in two different locations Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan is selected as a case study. From the results, it is found that selection of a specific module for a specific region with different temperatures and appropriate title angles has a significant effect on the performance of photovoltaic systems. It is worthy of mention that before implementing a photovoltaic system, different aspects of the system should be evaluated using proper software/tools in order to achieve optimal energy performance. Finally, better energy system performance contributes to the attraction of investment in renewable energy resources as a clean and sustainable energy supply option.

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Khalil Mohammadi 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Kambiz Karimi 
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahmadi 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish 
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Energy has been harvested from water, wind and solar as isolated distributed generation (DG) to electrify rural households and villages in Afghanistan. Several solar PV and wind farms have been or planned to be built as isolated distributed generators in those provinces that have no access to national grid. While it is ideal that the national electrical grid be extended to those provinces and regions, these distributed generators are not compatible with the operating voltage specifications of the national grid. In this study, we have focused on changing the topology of distribution grid at the planning and design stage by introducing active devices to control voltage, especially in the weak nodes of the grid. At substations which convert DG to MV/LV, using two active devices such as On Load Tap Changing-Phase Shifting Transformer (OLTC-PST) and Static Synchronize Compensator (STATCOM) should be considered in the design. The integration a 1-MW wind power distributed generator in Panjshir province of Afghanistan with the national grid network is considered. Introducing these active devices that increases the installed DG power in weak networks is analyzed. An operation and control strategy for the Active Substation is verified by temporal power flow simulations. The results show that using these active devices can increase the active power injection capability in weak networks.

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Ali Jan Joya 
Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

Habiburahman Shirani 
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.